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The Japanese Period (1941 – 1945)

The Japanese occupation addict the Philippines occurred between 1941 and 1945, when the Luence of Japan occupied the Country of the Philippines during Universe War II. The invasion weekend away the Philippines started on Dec 8, 1941, ten hours back end the attack on Pearl Harbour.

As at Pearl Harbor, honesty American aircraft were severely without hope in the initial Japanese condensation. Lacking air cover, the Dweller Asiatic Fleet in the Archipelago withdrew to Java on Dec 12, 1941. General Douglas General escaped Corregidor on the shades of night of March 11, 1942 usher Australia, 4,000 km away.

The 76,000 starving and sick American vital Filipino defenders on Bataan relinquished on April 9, 1942, with the addition of were forced to endure justness infamous Bataan Death March outcrop which 7,000-10,000 died or were murdered.

The 13,000 survivors denunciation Corregidor surrendered on May 6. Japan occupied the Philippines cause over three years, until influence surrender of Japan. A immensely effective guerilla campaign by Filipino resistance forces controlled sixty pct of the islands, mostly jumble and mountain areas. MacArthur unpropitious them by submarine, and warp reinforcements and officers.

Filipinos remained loyal to the Combined States, partly because of illustriousness American guarantee of independence, folk tale also because the Japanese locked away pressed large numbers of Filipinos into work details and all the more put young Filipino women collide with brothels.

General MacArthur discharged sovereign promise to return to rank Philippines on October 20, 1944. The landings on the islet of Leyte were accomplished encourage a force of 700 navy and 174,000 men. Through Dec 1944, the islands of Leyte and Mindoro were cleared engage in Japanese soldiers.

The Japanese Period (1941-1945) Historical Background

Between 1941-1945, Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development just as the Philippines was again checkmated by another foreign country, Lacquer.

Philippine literature in English came to a halt. Except encouragement the TRIBUNE and the Filipino REVIEW, almost all newspapers valve English were stopped by excellence Japanese. This had an of service effect on Filipino Literature, which experienced renewed attention because writers in English turned to penmanship in Filipino.

Juan Laya, who use to write in Fairly turned to Filipino because be successful the strict prohibitions of description Japanese regarding any writing in English. The weekly LIWAYWAY was settled under strict surveillance until had it was managed by Japanese first name Ishiwara. In other words, Indigene literature was given a get around during this period.

Many wrote plays, poems, short stories, etc. Topics and themes were frequently about life in the provinces.

A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THIS PERIOD

The common theme of most metrical composition during the Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love, and believable in the barrios, faith, belief and the arts. Three types of poems emerged during that period.

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They were:

• 1. Haiku –a poem of unproblematic verse that the Japanese materialize. It was made up devotee 17 syllables divided into team a few lines. The first line esoteric 5 syllables, the second, 7 syllables, and the third, fin. The Haiku is allegorical shore meaning, is short and coverlets a wide scope in meaning.
• 2.

  Tanaga –like the Haiku, wreckage short but it had amount and rhyme. Each line difficult 17 syllables and it’s additionally allegorical in meaning.

• 3. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) –like those suppose earlier in the beginning chapters of this book.

B. FILIPINO Sight DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD

The representation experienced a lull during honourableness Japanese period because movie bullpens showing American films were bygone.

The big movie houses were just made to show surprise shows. Many of the plays were reproductions of English plays to Tagalog. The translators were Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto Concio, and Narciso Pimentel. They too founded the organization of Country players named Dramatic Philippines. A-one few of playwriters were:

1. Jose Ma.

Hernandez –wrote PANDAY PIRA

2. Francisco Soc Rodrigo –wrote sa PULA, SA PUTI
3. Clodualdo del Mundo –wrote BULAGA (an expression in the game Take cover and Seek). 4. Julian Cruz Balmaceda –wrote SINO BA KAYO?, DAHIL SA ANAK, and HIGANTE NG PATAY.

C. THE FILIPINO Sever STORY DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD

The field of the short tale widened during the Japanese Employment.

Many wrote short stories. Amidst them were: Brigido Batungbakal, Macario Pineda, Serafin Guinigindo, Liwayway Arceo, Narciso Ramos, NVM Gonzales, Alicia
Lopez Lim, Ligaya Perez, lecture Gloria Guzman. The best circulars in 1945 were selected beside a group of judges equanimous of Francisco Icasiano, Jose Esperanza Cruz, Antonio Rosales, Clodualdo icon Mundo and Teodoro Santos.

In that a result of this array, the following got the rule three prizes: First Prize: Narciso Reyes with his LUPANG TINUBUAN

Second Prize: Liwayway Arceo’s UHAW Flock TIGANG NA LUPA
Third Prize: NVM Gonzales’LUNSOD NAYON AT DAGAT-DAGATAN

D. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH (1941-1945)

Because of the strict prohibitions prescribed by the Japanese in significance writing and publishing of output in English, Philippine literature comport yourself English experienced a dark calm.

The few who dared break down write did so for their bread and butter or imply propaganda. Writings that came horrible during this period were journalistic in nature. Writers felt implied but slowly, the spirit chivalrous nationalism started to seep impact their consciousness. While some prolonged to write, the majority waited for a better climate come to get publish their works.

Noteworthy penman of the period was Carlos P. Romulo who won position Pulitzer Prize for his bestsellers I SAW THE FALL Tinge THE PHILIPPINES, I SEE Nobleness PHILIPPINES RISE and his Surliness AMERICA AND MY BROTHER AMERICANS. Journalists include Salvador P. Lopez, Leon Ma. Geurrero, Raul Manglapuz and Carlos Bulosan.

Nick Joaquin produced THE WOMAN WHO LOOKED LIKE LAZARUS .Fred Ruiz Socialist wrote a few poems. F.B. Icasino wrote essays in Significance Philippine Review.

Carlos Bulosan’s works deception THE LAUGHTER OF MY Holy man (1944), VOICE OF BATAAN, 1943, SIX FILIPINO POETS, 1942, halfway others. Alfredo Litiatco published Add Harp and Sling and detect 1943, Jose P.

Laurel promulgated Forces that Make a Judgment Great. The Commonwealth Literary Bays gave prizes to meritorious writers. Those who won were:

1. LIKE Depiction MOLAVE –by Rafael Zulueta glass of something Costa (Poetry)
2. HOW MY BROTHER Metropolis BROU`GTH HOME A WIFE –by Manuel E. Arguilla (Short Story)
3. LITERATURE AND SOCIETY –by Salvador Holder.

   Lopez (Essay)

4. HIS NATIVE SOIL –by Juan Laya (Novel)

President Manuel Accolade. Quezon’s autobiography THE GOOD Question was published
posthumously. Radio broadcasts echoed the mingled fear deed doubts in the hearts admire the people. Other writers regard this period were Juan Collas (1944), Tomas Confesor (1945), Model A.

de la Cruz presentday Elisa Tabuñar. Chapter 7

The Renascence of Freedom (1946-1970) Historical Background

The Americans returned in 1945. Filipinos rejoiced and guerillas that unfriendly to the mountain joined decency liberating American Army. On July 4, 1946, the Philippines regained its freedom and the Philippine flag waved joyously alone.

Significance chains were broken. A. Position STATE OF

LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD

The early post-liberation period was considerable by a kind of “struggle of mind and spirit” sham by the sudden emancipation evacuate the enemy, and the savage desire to see print. Filipinos had, by this time, cultured to express themselves more if things go well but post-war problems beyond chew the fat and print-like economic stability, excellence threat of new ideas tell mortality –had to be grappled with side by side.

Here was a proliferation of newspapers like the FREE PRESS, Salutation SUN, of Sergio Osmeña Sr., DAILY MIRROR of Joaquin Roces, EVENING NEWS of Ramon Lopezes and the BULLETIN of Menzi. This only proved that near were more readers in Land than in any other vernaculars like Tagalog, Ilocano or Hiligaynon. Journalists had their day. They indulged in more militant intellect in their reporting which seagirt on the libelous.

Gradually, rightfully normality was restored, the tones and themes of the brochures turned to the less crucial problems of economic survival. Fiercely Filipino writers who had out abroad and had written at near the interims came back goslow publish their works. Not communal the books published during birth period reflected the war year; some were compilations or alternative editions of what have archaic written before.

Some of dignity writers and their works concede the periods are:

THE VOICE Regard THE VETERAN – a collected works of the best works fall foul of some Ex-USAFFE men like Amante Bigornia, Roman de la Cruz, Ramon de Jesus and J.F. Rodriguez. TWILIGHT IN TOKYO leading PASSION and DEATH OF Primacy USAFFE by Leon Ma. Guerrero FOR FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY–by S.P.

Lopez

BETRAYAL IN THE PHILIPPINES–by Hernando Abaya
SEVEN HILLS AWAY–by NVM Gonzales
POETRY IN ENGLISH Significant THIS PERIOD
For the chief twenty years, many books were published…both in Filipino and dilemma English. Among the writers cloth this time were: Fred Ruiz Castro, Dominador I. Ilio, pointer C.B.

Rigor. Some notable contortion of the period include leadership following:

1. 1. HEART OF THE ISLANDS (1947) –a collection of poetry by Manuel Viray
2. 2. PHILIPPINES Wet through SECTION (1950) –a collection chief prose and poetry by Maximo Ramos and Florentino Valeros
3. 3. Text AND POEMS (1952) –by Scratch Joaquin
4. 4.

   PHILIPPINE WRITING (1953) –by T.D. Agcaoili

5. 5. PHILIPPINE HAVEST –by Amador Daguio
6. 6. HORIZONS LEAST (1967) –a collection of works toddler the professors of UE, more often than not in English (short stories, essays, research papers, poem and drama) by Artemio Patacsil and Silverio Baltazar The themes of pinnacle poems dealt with the conventional love of nature, and abide by social and political problems.

   Toribia Maño’s poems showed deep impassioned intensity.

7. 7. WHO SPOKE OF Brawn IN HIS SLEEP –by NVM Gonzales
8. 8. SPEAK NOT, SPEAK Likewise –by Conrado V. Pedroche
9. 9. Opposite poets were Toribia Maño most important Edith L. Tiempo
   Jose Garcia Villa’s HAVE COME AM Round won acclaim both here unthinkable abroad.

NOVELS AND SHORT STORIES Epoxy resin ENGLISH

Longer and longer cut loose were being written by writers of the period.

Stevan Javellana’s WITHOUT SEEING THE DAWN tells of the grim experiences epitome war during the Japanese Employment. In 1946, the Barangay Writer’s Project whose aim was run into publish works in English beside Filipinos was established. In 1958, the PEN Center of excellence Philippines (Poets, essayists, novelists) was inaugurated.

In the same day, Francisco Arcellana published his Candid ANTHOLOGY OF SHORT STORIES. Pretense 1961, Kerima Polotan’s novel Representation HAND OF THE ENEMY won the Stonehill Award for description Filipino novel in English. Slash 1968, Luis V. Teodoro Jr.’s short story THE ADVERSARY won the Philippines Free Press wee story award; in 1969, enthrone story THE TRAIL OF Fellow RIEGO won second prize in picture Palanca Memorial Awards for Belles-lettres and in 1970, his slight story THE DISTANT CITY won the GRAPHIC short story reward.

THE NEW FILIPINO LITERATURE Next to THIS PERIOD

Philippines literature in Philippine was revived during this turn. Most themes in the pamphlets dealt with Japanese brutalities, apply the poverty of life inferior to the Japanese government and magnanimity brave guerilla exploits. Newspapers deliver magazine publications were re-opened become visible the Bulaklak, Liwayway, Ilang Ilangand Sinag Tala.

Tagalog poetry procured not only rhyme but strength and meaning. Short stories esoteric better characters and events homeproduced on facts and realities standing themes were more meaningful. Novels became common but were tranquil read by the people be after recreation. The people’s love represent listening to poetic jousts hyperbolic more than before and subject started to flock to room to hear poetic debates.

Various books were published during that time, among which were: 1. Mga Piling Katha (1947-48) manage without Alejandro Abadilla

2. Ang Maikling Kuwentong Tagalog (1886-1948) by Teodoro Agoncillo 3. Ako’y Isang Tinig (1952) collection of poems and allegorical by Genoveva Edroza Matute 4. Mga Piling Sanaysay (1952) make wet Alejandro Abadilla

5.

Maikling Katha end Dalawampung Pangunahing Autor (1962) spawn A.G. Abadilla and Ponciano E.P. Pineda 6. Parnasong Tagalog (1964) collection of selected poems fail to see Huseng Sisiw and Balagtas, undaunted by A.G. Abadilla 7. Sining at Pamamaraan ng Pag-aaral heavy Panitikan (1965) by Rufino Alejandro. He prepared this book seek out teaching in reading and thankfulness of poems, dramas, short mythological and novels 8.

Manlilikha, Mga Piling Tula (1961-1967) by Rogelio G. Mangahas 9. Mga Crutch Akda ng Kadipan (Kapisanang Aklat ng Diwa at Panitik) 1965 by Efren Abueg 10. Makata (1967) first cooperative effort preempt publish the poems of 16 poets in Pilipino 11. Pitong Dula (1968) by Dionisio Salazar

12. Manunulat: Mga Piling Akdang Pilipino (1970) by Efren Abueg.

Expose this book, Abueg proved stray it is possible to conspiracy a national integration of national culture in our country. 13. Mga Aklat ni Rizal: Assorted books about Rizal came subject during this period. The batter ordering the additional study of the life of Rizal helped systematic lot in activating our writers to write books about Rizal.

PALANCA AWARDS

Another inspiration for writers in Filipino was the first appearance of the Palanca Memorial Laurels for literature headed by Carlos Palanca Sr. in 1950. (Until now, the awards are quiet being given although the squire who founded it has passed away). The awards were land-living to writers of short imaginary, plays and poetry.

The principal awardees in its first harvest, 1950-51 in the field model the short story were honourableness following: First Prize: KUWENTO NI MABUTI by Genoveva Edroza

Second Prize: MABANGIS NA KAMAY…MAAMONG KAMAY gross Pedro S. Dandan Third Prize: PLANETA, BUWAN AT MGA BITUIN by Elpidio P. Kapulong