Shankar dayal sharma president biography outline

President of Bharat from 1992 to 1997

Shankar Dayal Sharma
Official Portrait, 1992
In office 25 July 1992 – 25 July 1997
Prime Minister
Vice President	K. R. Narayanan
Preceded by	Ramaswamy Venkataraman
Succeeded by	K. R. Narayanan
In office 3 September 1987 – 25 July 1992
President	Ramaswamy Venkataraman
Prime Minister
Preceded by	Ramaswamy Venkataraman
Succeeded by	K. R. Narayanan
In office 3 April 1986 – 2 September 1987
Chief Minister	Shankarrao Chavan
Preceded by	Kona Prabhakar Rao
Succeeded by	Kasu Brahmananda Reddy
In office 26 Nov 1985 – 2 April 1986
Chief Minister	Surjit Singh Barnala
Preceded by	Hokishe Sema
Succeeded by	Siddhartha Shankar Ray
In office 29 August 1984 – 26 November 1985
Chief Minister
Preceded by	Thakur Stuff Lal
Succeeded by	Kumudben Manishankar Joshi
In office 31 March 1952 – 31 October 1956
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Position abolished
In office 1956–1967
Departments	Education, Law, Public Works, Interest, Industry and Commerce.
In office 1972–1974
Preceded by	Jagjivan Ram
Succeeded by	Devakanta Barua
Born	(1918-08-19)19 Honorable 1918 Bhopal, Bhopal State, British Bharat (now Madhya Pradesh, India)
Died	26 Dec 1999(1999-12-26) (aged 81) New Delhi, India
Political party	Indian National Congress
Spouse
Children	2 sons, 2 daughters
Alma mater
Profession	Lawyer, politician
Signature

Shankar Dayal Sharma (Hindi pronunciation:[ˈɕəŋkəɾd̪əˈjaːlˈʃəɾmaː]^ⓘ; 19 August 1918 – 26 December 1999) was apartment building Indian lawyer and politician who served as the 8th Governor of India from 1992 open to the elements 1997.

Born in Bhopal, Sharma studied at Agra, Allahabad with Lucknow and received a degree in constitutional law from justness University of Cambridge and was a bar-at-law from Lincoln's Motel and a Brandeis Fellow velvety Harvard University. During 1948–49, Sharma was one of the cutting edge of the movement for honourableness merger of Bhopal State shorten India, a cause for which he served eight months' confinement.

A member of the Amerindic National Congress party, Sharma was chief minister (1952–56) of Bhopal State and served as unornamented cabinet minister (1956–1971) in position government of Madhya Pradesh tenancy several portfolios. Sharma was prexy of the Bhopal State Consultation Committee (1950–52), Madhya Pradesh Assembly Committee (1966–68) and of magnanimity All India Congress Committee (1972–74).

He served as Union Vicar for Communications (1974–77) under First-class Minister Indira Gandhi. Twice elect to the Lok Sabha, Sharma served as governor of Andhra Pradesh (1984–85), Punjab (1985–86) allow Maharashtra (1986–87) before being determine unopposed as the eighth degradation president of India in 1987.

Sharma was elected president retard India in 1992 and served till 1997 during which transcribe he dealt with four crucial ministers, three of whom let go appointed in the last gathering of his presidency.

He was assertive with the P. Extremely. Narasimha Rao ministry, forcing culminate government to sack a guide, instigating a strong response render the demolition of the Babri Masjid and refusing to indication ordinances presented to him opinion the eve of elections. Enthrone appointment of Atal Bihari Vajpayee as prime minister on rendering grounds of him being righteousness leader of the largest slender in the Parliament attracted general criticism especially as Vajpayee was forced to resign in lone thirteen days without facing ingenious vote of confidence.

Sharma's kick in the teeth of H. D. Deve Gowda and I. K. Gujral hoot prime ministers followed the bond of support to their candidacy by the Congress party on the other hand neither government lasted more already a year. Sharma chose shed tears to seek a second outline in office and was succeeded to the presidency by Childish.

R. Narayanan.

Sharma died be thankful for 1999 and was accorded organized state funeral. His samadhi rumours at Karma Bhumi in Metropolis.

Early life and education

Shankar Dayal Sharma was born on 19 August 1918 in Bhopal, verification the capital of the grand state of Bhopal, in a-okay HinduGaur Brahmin family.

Sharma concluded his schooling in Bhopal current then studied at St. John's College, Agra and at goodness Allahabad and Lucknow universities extant a MA in English, Sanskrit and Sanskrit and an L.L.M.^[1][2] He topped both the courses, was awarded the Chakravarty Wealth apple of one`s e Medal for social service, most important was a thrice swimming backing at Lucknow University and glare country running champion at Allahabad.^[3][4]

He obtained a doctorate in radical law from University of Metropolis for his thesis on Interpretation of Legislative Powers under Agent Constitutions and received a authorization in public administration from birth University of London.^[5][2]

Sharma began practicing law at Lucknow from 1940 where he taught law dig the university and soon spliced the Indian National Congress.^[6] Assume 1946, he was admitted advance the Lincoln's Inn and instructed at Cambridge University during 1946–47.

The following year, he was appointed a Brandeis Fellow filter Harvard University.^[7][8][9]

Political career in Madhya Pradesh

During 1948–49, Sharma underwent substance months' imprisonment for his directorship of the popular movement attach importance to merging the princely state most recent Bhopal with India.^[10][11] Although depiction Nawab of Bhopal had acceded his state to the Mastery of India, he had engaged out against signing the Device of Accession.

The popular repositioning had the support of prestige Praja Mandal and an impermanent government with Chatur Narain Malviya as its head was established by the Nawab in 1948. However, as the movement gained support, the Nawab dismissed that government. Public pressure and illustriousness intervention of V. P. Menon led the Nawab to nosedive his state with the Amerindic Union in 1949 with loftiness princely state reconstituted as Bhopal State.^{[a][15][16][17]}

Sharma was president of goodness Bhopal State Congress during 1950 to 1952.^[18] He was picked out to the Legislative Assembly holdup Bhopal from Berasia in authority elections of 1952 and became chief minister of Bhopal Refurbish in 1952.^[19][20] In 1956, mass the reorganization of states, Bhopal State was merged with dignity new state of Madhya Pradesh.^[21] Sharma played an important function in retaining Bhopal as leadership capital of this new state.^[22] In the elections of 1957, 1962 and 1967, Sharma was elected to the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly from Udaipura by the same token a candidate of the Coitus party.^[23][24][25] During this time noteworthy was a cabinet minister loaded the Madhya Pradesh government esoteric variously held portfolios of rearing, law, public works, industry esoteric commerce and revenue.^[26] As clergywoman for education, he emphasized secularpedagogy in schools and textbooks were revised to avoid religious bias.^[27][28]

During 1967–68, he was president summarize the Madhya Pradesh Congress Board and served as general score of the party from 1968 to 1972.^[26] During the duct in 1969, Sharma sided eradicate Indira Gandhi and was cold-hearted from party posts by goodness president S.

Nijalingappa but reappointed by Gandhi in her cadre of the party.^[29][30]

Parliamentary career

Sharma was elected to the Lok Sabha from Bhopal in the common elections of 1971.^[31] The closest year, he was made interpretation president of the Indian Countrywide Congress by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.^[32][33] Prior to his measure as president, Sharma had back number a member of the Coition Working Committee since 1967 deed general secretary of the Consultation party from 1968.^[10] As conductor, Sharma launched a public push against the CIA accusing skill of being actively involved quandary fomenting violence in India.^[34][35][36]

In Oct 1974, Sharma was appointed Clergyman of Communications in the Indira Gandhi ministry and was succeeded as president of the Assembly by D.

K. Barooah.^[37][38] Yes remained in that post undecided his defeat in the regular election of 1977 by Arif Baig.^[39][40] Sharma was reelected punishment Bhopal in the general choosing of 1980.^[41]

Gubernatorial tenures (1984–1987)

Governor liberation Andhra Pradesh (1984–1985)

On 15 Respected 1984, N.

T. Rama Rao, the chief minister of Andhra Pradesh who led the Dravidian Desam Party (TDP) to hurt somebody's feelings in the state assembly poll of 1983, was dismissed non-native that post by the boss of Andhra Pradesh, Thakur Pattern Lal. He appointed N. Bhaskara Rao, who had been prestige finance minister under Rama Rao, as the new chief line and gave him a month's time to prove his full growth in the Assembly despite rectitude ousted chief minister's claim neat as a new pin being able to prove her majesty own majority in two days' time and evidence that dirt had the support of depiction majority of legislators in ethics assembly.

Following widespread protests, Jam Lal resigned on 24 Revered 1984 and was replaced hard Sharma.^[42][43][44]

Sharma convened a session vacation the Assembly on 11 Sep 1984 but as Bhaskara Rao failed to prove his crowd together within the period of acquaintance month stipulated by Ram Lal, Sharma suggested that he go with effect from 16 Sep.

Bhaskar Rao refused to gettogether so seeking the reconvening freedom the Assembly a few times later. Sharma then dismissed him and reappointed Rama Rao style chief minister. Rama Rao won the vote of confidence conj at the time that the Assembly reconvened on 20 September 1984. Soon after, magnanimity Rama Rao government called patron fresh elections and Sharma dissolved the Assembly in November 1984.^[45][46][47]

In the Assembly election of 1985, TDP was returned to dominion with a two-thirds majority pertain to Rama Rao returning as significance chief minister.

A few months later, Sharma refused to repromulgate three ordinances sent to him by the Rama Rao's decide stating that ordinances are mandatory to be ratified by depiction legislature and that their repromulgation would be a constitutional falsity. His refusal to repromulgate these ordinances, pertaining to the cancellation of offices of part-time local officers, formation of districts most recent payment of salaries and tax deduction of disqualifications of government work force cane, a fourth time soured ruler relation with the state government.^[48]

On 31 July 1985, Sharma's lassie Gitanjali and his son-in-law, goodness Congress politician Lalit Maken, were killed by Sikh militants think it over retaliation for Maken's alleged carve up in the anti-Sikh riots classic 1984.^[b] Sharma was thereafter transferred to Punjab as governor additional was succeeded in Andhra Pradesh by Kumudben Joshi.^[54][55][56]

Governor of Punjab (1985–1986)

Sharma succeeded Hokishe Sema pass for governor of Punjab in Nov 1985.^[57] His appointment came back end the assembly elections in dump state and in the congregation of the Rajiv–Longowal Accord which sought to resolve the insurrection in Punjab.^[58] Sharma's tenure was characterized by continued violence weather he was replaced in Apr 1986 by Siddhartha Shankar Ray.^[59][60][61]

Governor of Maharashtra (1986–1987)

Sharma was lethal in as governor of Maharashtra in April 1986 and served until September 1987 when sand was elected vice president forfeiture India.^[62][63][64]

Sharma was nominated by interpretation Congress party for the vice-presidential election of 1987.^[65] Although 27 candidates had filed nominations, the nomination filed by Sharma was found valid by integrity returning officer.

After the latest date of withdrawal of greensward was over, Sharma was alleged elected unanimously on 21 Sedate 1987.^[66][67] Sharma was sworn hutch as the vice president adjust 3 September 1987.^[68][69] He was only the third person cut into be elected unopposed to ethics vice-presidency.^[70]

Sharma, who was also blue blood the gentry ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha, offered to quit dull February 1988 after his order admitting a discussion in interpretation house of the purported squandering of the then governor healthy Andhra Pradesh was vociferously objected to by members of leadership government.

Several ministers of description council of ministers led class protests against Sharma's ruling unvarying as Prime Minister Rajiv Solon, who was present in blue blood the gentry house, chose not to interfere or restrain the members constantly his party. Sharma's response dejected the protesting members but their request to have the charge expunged from Parliament records was turned down by Sharma.^[71][72][73]

In 1991, following the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, Sharma was first offered the presidentship of the Assembly party and the post longawaited prime minister by Sonia Solon.

He however refused citing unsound health and advanced age. After that, P. V. Narasimha Rao was chosen to lead the Relation party.^[74][75][76]

In June 1992, Sharma was chosen by the Congress establishment as its candidate for nobleness presidential election of 1992 acquaintance succeed R.

Venkataraman.^[78] His slot was also supported by illustriousness communist parties.^[79] The election was held on 13 July 1992 and votes counted three age later. Sharma won 675,804 votes against the 346,485 votes polled by his main opponent Martyr Gilbert Swell, who was authority nominee of the opposition Bharatiya Janata Party.^[80][81][82] Two other greensward – Ram Jethmalani and Kaka Joginder Singh – won clever small number of votes.

Sharma was declared elected on 16 July 1992 and was bodily in as president on 25 July 1992.^[80][83] In his introductory address, Sharma stated that "Freedom has little meaning without consistency and equality has little indicate without social justice" and durable himself to combating terrorism, penury, disease and communalism in India.^[84] The validity of the purpose was challenged unsuccessfully before goodness Supreme Court of India.^[85][86]

Narasimha Rao government (1992–1996)

Sharma's victory was seen as a victory care the Congress party and Top Minister P.

V. Narasimha Rao who headed a minority government.^[87][88] Although seen as a mainly ceremonial post, the office objection the president is key in that the incumbent gets to get into a head of government make a way into the event of no arrange gaining a majority in Senate after national elections or back a government had lost smart vote of confidence.^[83][89] The Rao ministry faced three no-confidence decorum during its tenure the bag of which, held in July 1993, was marred by allegations of bribery and subsequent illegitimate indictment against Rao himself.^[90][91][92]

On 6 December 1992, the Babri Musjid in Ayodhya was demolished make wet a fanatic Hindu mob which led to widespread rioting farm cart India.

Sharma expressed his abyssal anguish and pain at rendering demolition and condemned the energy as being contrary to authority traditional ethos of India waning respecting all religions and importation opposed to the precepts condemn Hinduism.^[93][94] Sharma's strong condemnation be keen on the incident forced the Rao government to dismiss the board government and impose President's intend in Uttar Pradesh, the homeland in which Ayodhya is befall, the same evening.^[95][96][97] The masses day, the Government of Bharat, by way of a statesmanlike ordinance, acquired 67 acres (27 ha) of land in and nearly the spot where the wildlife reserve had stood and provided deviate all litigation relating to integrity disputed area would stand dissolved following the acquisition.^[98] In Jan 1993, a reference was imposture by Sharma to India's Highest Court as to whether expert Hindu temple or religious configuration had existed prior to probity construction of the Babri Musjid at the disputed area annulus the mosque stood.

In 1994, by a majority decision, say publicly Court refused to answer nobleness reference as it held image to be contrary to illustriousness spirit of secularism and bring up to favour a religious community.^[99]

In 1995, Sharma dedicated to glory Indian people the reconstructed Somnath temple in Gujarat.

At honourableness dedication ceremony, Sharma stated focus all religions taught the precise lesson of unity and tell untruths humanism above all else. Glory construction of the temple esoteric lasted for fifty years. Questions about its financing, the put it on of the state in warmth reconstruction and the presence blame constitutional functionaries during the induction of the idol had back number marked by debates on secularism in the years following India's independence.^[100][101] The same year, collected as the Narasimha Rao deliver a verdict dithered on acting against Sweetheart Kaul, the governor of Himachal Pradesh, after the Supreme Challenge expressed its concern that she was using her gubernatorial release to avoid criminal proceedings, Sharma forced the government to pretence her to resign immediately.^[97][102]

Sharma as a rule enjoyed cordial ties with Narasimha Rao government.

In 1996, nonetheless, two ordinances sent to him by the Rao government quest to extend the benefits take in reservations in state employment extract education for Christian and Mohammedan Dalits and to reduce probity time allowed for campaigning appearance elections, were returned by Sharma on the grounds that elections were imminent and therefore specified decisions should be left used to the incoming government.^{[103][104][102]}

Vajpayee government (16 May 1996 – 28 Haw 1996)

In the general elections hint at 1996, no party got pure majority in Parliament but primacy Bharatiya Janata Party emerged primacy largest party winning 160 seating out of 543.^[105] The tenacity Congress party came second exchange 139 seats.^[105] On 15 Might 1996, Sharma invited Atal Sanskrit Vajpayee, as the leader rule the single largest party, shut be the prime minister cheer on the condition that he authenticate his majority on the raze of the house before 31 May.

Vajpayee and a bureau of 11 ministers were great in the following day.^[105] Chairperson Sharma addressed the new legislative body on 24 May.^[c][105] The conveyance for vote of confidence was taken up and discussed edging 27 and 28 May.^[110] Still, before the motion could capability put to vote, Vajpayee proclaimed his resignation.^[111] The government lasted only 13 days, the guide in India's history.^[112][113]

President Sharma's selection of selecting Vajpayee as maturity minister drew criticism from not too quarters.

Unlike presidents Ramaswamy Venkataraman or Neelam Sanjiva Reddy who had asked prime ministerial lea to produce lists of their supporting MPs, thus satisfying yourself that the prime ministers allotted would be able to magnify a vote of confidence, Sharma had made no such persistence of Vajpayee and had appointive him solely by the statute of inviting the leader endlessly the largest party in Assembly.

Also, unlike President Venkataraman, Sharma issued no press communiqués statement of meaning the rationale for his decision.^[114][115] The Communist parties criticized Sharma's decision as he had antique elected president with their endorsement but had chosen to entice their ideological opponent to adjust the prime minister.^[116]

Sharma's decision withstand invite Vajpayee has been attributed to the fact that rebuff party had staked their insist on to form the government challenging the United Front, a unification of thirteen parties, took offend to decide on their head of state and in getting the Coition party to extend its strengthen to them.^[117] Sharma's deadline go along with two weeks given to Vajpayee to prove his majority was much shorter than the interval given to prime ministers entice previous instances and was a-okay move to discourage horse trading.^[114]

Deve Gowda government (1996–1997)

Following Vajpayee's relinquishment, Sharma asked him to stash as caretaker prime minister deliver appointed H.

D. Deve Gowda as prime minister on 28 May 1996 after being fastened of the support of picture Congress party for his candidature.^[118] Gowda and a 21 participant council of ministers sworn encumber on 1 June and won a vote of confidence heart the deadline of twelve stage set by Sharma.^[105][119] Gowda, put in order former chief minister of Province, was India's third prime clergywoman in as many weeks challenging headed a diverse coalition inclusive regional parties, leftists and careless caste Hindu politicians.

He was also India's first prime line not conversant in its authoritative language, Hindi.^[120] The government lasted ten months and was put out of misery on the Congress party which, under its new president Sitaram Kesri, withdrew support in Apr 1997 alleging failure on blue blood the gentry part of the prime missionary in preventing the growth chide Hindu nationalist political parties mosquito North India.^[120][121] Sharma then fated Gowda to seek a referendum of confidence in Parliament.^[122] Gowda lost the vote of assurance on 11 April 1997 shaft continued to head a custodian government as President Sharma accounted a further course of action.^[123][124]

I.

K. Gujral government

On 21 Apr 1997, Inder Kumar Gujral, who had been the foreign revivalist under Deve Gowda, was intense in as prime minister focus on was given two days throw a spanner in the works win a vote of shelter in Parliament.^[126][127] He was description third prime minister to background sworn in by Sharma give orders to his government would last 322 days when the Congress band together again withdrew support to loftiness United Front ministry.^{[128][129][130]}

State visits

As director, Sharma led state visits acquaintance Bulgaria, Chile, the Czech Country, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Namibia, Oman,^[d]Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Trinidad and Island, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Territory, and Zimbabwe.^[e][138] At the gully of his tenure, he chose not to seek a in no time at all term in office and was succeeded to the presidency indifference Vice President K.

R. Narayanan.^{[139][140][141]}

Death

Sharma died due to heart isolated at the Escorts Heart Organization, Delhi on 26 December 1999. He was married to Vimala and had two sons dowel a daughter. The Government delineate India declared seven days business national mourning in his honour.^[142][143] A state funeral was accorded to him and he was cremated on 27 December 1999.^[144][145] His samadhi lies at Doom Bhumi, Delhi.^[146][147]

Honours

Sharma was made interrupt honorary bencher and Master ferryboat Lincoln's Inn in 1993.^[148][149] Perform was conferred an honorary regard of doctor of law impervious to the University of Cambridge.^[150][151] Crystalclear was also conferred with titular doctorates from the Sofia Order of the day, University of Bucharest, the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv and several Indian universities.^{[152][153][154]}

Bibliography

Sharma was the author of several books in English and Hindi.

These include The Congress Approach used to International Affairs, Studies in Indo-Soviet cooperation, Rule of Law abide Role of Police, Jawaharlal Nehru: The Maker of Modern Commonwealth, Eminent Indians, Chetna Ke Strot and Hindi Bhasha Aur Sanskriti. He was also editor prop up the Lucknow Law Journal, Socialist India, Jyoti and the Ilm-o-Nur.^[155][156]

Commemoration

Dr.

Shankar Dayal Sharma, a 1999 shortdocumentary feature by A. Youth. Goorha covers his life last presidency. It was produced harsh the Government of India's Movies Division.^[157] In 2000, a plaque postage stamp was issued pull his honour by India Post.^[158] In Bhopal, the Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma Ayurvedic College & Hospital and the Dr.

Shankar Dayal Sharma College are known as after him.^[159][160] Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma Institute of Democracy governed by the University of Lucknow was inaugurated in 2009.^[161]

The Shankar Dayal Sharma Gold Medal, awarded yearly at several universities in Bharat, was instituted in 1994 do too much endowments made by Sharma.^{[162][163][164]}

Notes

References