Modelo arnold sommerfeld biography

Arnold Sommerfeld (1868-1951) was a German physicist, best known for having complex atomic theory with Bohr additional than a century ago. Recognized was one of the founders of theoretical physics, which became an independent discipline thanks spoil his contributions, along with dignity works of Max Planck, Albert Einstein and Niels Nohr.

Loosen up is considered a pioneer star as quantum and atomic physics.

Today nobility Bohr-Sommerfeld atom and the tight structure constant are still concepts used by physicists. Some scholars have associated Sommerfeld's name thug the first modern school near theoretical physics. His contributions were also reflected in the text Atomic structure and spectral pass the time, very important in atomic physics.

Source: GFHund, via wikimedia commons.

This reservation of his authorship spread kids the world, was translated have dealings with multiple languages ​​and was simple pillar in the training for many students in the grassland of nuclear physics.

Biography

His full designation was Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld.

The German physicist was innate on December 5, 1868 manner Königsberg, Germany.

His parents were Cäcile Matthias and Franz Sommerfeld, uncomplicated doctor of the time. Depiction couple had more children: Conductor, born in 1863, was Arnold's older brother, who also esoteric a sister. Margarethe was three years younger than Arnold however only lived for 10 duration as she was affected building block scarlet fever.

From very early repugnance, Arnold showed a lot hark back to interest in the arts at an earlier time was even very talented.

Studies

His benefaction in the arts was echoic in the studies he jaunt out in his hometown competition Königsberg.

He showed a mutual passion for literature, particularly bring about the classic works of Germanic authors. He did not conspiracy grades that were outstanding paddock all subjects, although he was not a bad student either.

Before starting college, the idea lose concentration went around his head was to dedicate himself to prestige construction industry, an area appearance which a member of rule family had already worked.

The one and only problem that Sommerfeld found was that in order to duct in the area of ​​civil engineering, he would have bring under control have left his hometown predominant settled in a city think it over had a technical university neighbourhood studies were taught that would serve him for his career.

At the Albert University of Königsberg, named after its founder, prohibited could not study engineering.

However since he was not grip sure about the career blooper wanted to choose, the relay took a back seat status he preferred to stay store to his family.

University stage

During significance first semester he oriented actually on the courses taught test the institution. He signed associate for courses on economics, mercantile policy, ethnography, political parties, crust, German civil law, criticism many Kant, and fundamentals of ethics.

After finishing that first semester, Sommerfeld began to focus his program on courses that had efficient more technical base, but take steps continued without focusing on righteousness area of ​​physics.

Actually coronate main interest was in authority area of ​​mathematics.

He spent scandalize years in college, earned systematic Ph.D., and gained the credence to face his future. Halfway his professors he counted personalities such as Ferdinand von Lindemann, Adolf Hurwitz, David Hilbert endure the also physicist Emil Wiechert.

Military stage

After completing his university studies, Sommerfeld fulfilled his obligations importance the military area as neat volunteer for one year.

Explicit was part of the foot regiment at Königsberg, although originate was not a job why not? greatly enjoyed; he considered magnanimity military work of a fighter as something tedious.

One of grandeur advantages of having trained purport the infantry regiment was drift it was in Königsberg trip therefore stayed close to nation state.

Even due to the intended nature of his work, subside could sleep at home.

Race

After finishing his obligations in the belligerent world and after obtaining spruce up doctorate, he moved to Göttingen in 1891 to work close the University of that nation. In Göttingen he worked philosophy some classes in mathematics ray theoretical physics.

He also served as an assistant to Felix Klein, a well-known mathematician avail yourself of the time.

By 1897 he went to Clausthal Zellerfeld University, provide Goslar, where he also cultivated for three years before still to Aachen. At the city's university he served as regular professor of technical engineering.

Being efficient professor of theoretical physics come by Munich, between 1906 and 1931, it was when he realised his most relevant works.

Elegance came to Munich to moderate the physicist Ludwig Boltzmann kind professor of theoretical physics. False addition he was in exterior of the direction of interpretation Institute of Theoretical Education defer was in Munich in ethics University of the state.

Death

Arnold Sommerfeld died on April 26, 1951.

His death occurred in Muenchen, where he suffered a vehicles barter accident while walking with coronet grandchildren.

At the end of Go on foot, the German physicist was vapid around his home in City with his grandchildren, when elegance was hit by a machine. After ten days he mislaid consciousness and shortly after oversight died as a result endorse the injuries he suffered hoot a result of the accident.

Atomic models

His main work occurred minute 1915 when, together with goodness Danish physicist Niels Bohr, type was in charge of metamorphosing some aspects of atomic knowledge.

For this, both scientists relied on other theories, such chimp quantum and relativistic.

His motivation was based on the fact divagate atomic theory had flaws like that which it came to explaining what complex atoms were

In the matter that Sommerfeld and Bohr bigheaded, they explained that the orbits made by electrons were concise in shape.

In addition, these orbits had another quantum installment, considered secondary.

The importance of these quantum numbers, both the subject and the main one defer Bohr obtained, was that subside determined whether the electron challenging an angular momentum. This was relevant because it allowed sanctified to determine if the lepton had kinetic energy.

He also talked about the presence of boss third quantum number, which was called magnetic.

This number abstruse the function of establishing manner inclined the plane of honesty orbit was.

By 1916, the Teutonic physicist Friedrich Paschen showed delay Sommerfeld's ideas were correct, however it was still not pure definitive theory since it exact not solve some problems

problems

The recurrent system of the elements perch the behavior at the man-made level that they had esoteric a better explanation thanks disrespect the atomic model called Bohr-Sommerfeld.

But the contribution of overpower studies was also necessary be this. For example, it benefited from subsequent discoveries.

Like Wolfgang Pauli, in 1924, who stated put off the presence of two electrons could not occur at dignity same time if they difficult to understand the same quantum number. Additionally, a fourth quantum number was introduced in 1924 thanks exceed the advances of Goudsmit lecturer Unlenbeck.

It was the ideas interrupt wave quantum mechanics that legitimate for better analysis of spectra.

Finally, this Bohr-Sommerfeld model was later replaced by a apprehension that relied on wave mechanics.

Other contributions

Sommerfeld's work allowed him up develop more ideas in position field. Of his applications break into the theory to technical intimidate, the theory he developed attack lubricant friction and his offerings to wireless telegraphy were say publicly best known.

His contributions in joker fields were also relevant, same when he worked on picture classical theory of electromagnetism.

His reading as a teacher was besides a great contribution to righteousness scientific world.

From 1906, what because he arrived at the Organization of Munich, he trained indefinite generations of theoretical physicists. Top students include eight Nobel laureates.

It was important for introducing nobility second and third quantum amounts, but also the theory outline the X-ray wave.

During the rearmost stage of his career, grandeur German was in charge fair-haired using statistical mechanics to articulate some behaviors.

Specifically, he explained the electronic properties that metals had.

He played a prominent impersonation in establishing the Journal be more or less Physics in 1920. This make served to publish and argument many works in the universe of ​​physics.

Published works

Sommerfeld published indefinite works throughout his career.

Combine of his works were blue blood the gentry most outstanding, as is probity case of Atoms and unearthly lines and the text pressure Introduction to theoretical physics.

In finalize, there were more than 10 books that were authored, several of them have several volumes. In addition to the hang around articles he wrote about authority ideas and discoveries.

Nobel Prizes

Sommerfeld evolution the protagonist of one splash the most curious cases notes the scientific world.

Despite be at war with the contributions he made, recognized was never awarded a Philanthropist Prize in physics.

It is unexcitable more curious if you call into account that he enquiry the physicist with the outdo nominations in the history cut into the Nobel Prize. It has a total of 84 candidacies, which were accumulated between primacy years 1917 and 1951.

Only call in 1929 he had nine nominations.

And the year he acceptably he received four more.

Although misstep never received the Award, significant has the honor of seem to be the physicist with the nearly winning students.

References

1. Arnold Sommerfeld - Germanic physicist. Recovered from britannica.com
2. Beléndez, Pure. (2017). Sommerfeld: the Eternal Philanthropist Candidate.

   Recovered from bbvaopenmind.com

3. Eckert, Category. (2013). Arnold Sommerfeld. New Royalty, NY: Springer.
4. Izquierdo Sañudo, M. (2013). Historical evolution of the guideline of chemistry.: Uned - Genealogical University.
5. Seth, S. (2010). Crafting say publicly quantum. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.