Biography of johann pachelbels canon

German composer and organist (1653–1706)

"Pachelbel" redirects here. For other humans with this surname, see Pachelbel (surname).

Johann Pachelbel^{[n 1]} (also Bachelbel; baptised 11 September [O.S. 1 September] 1653^{[n 2]} – buried 9 Parade 1706) was a German framer, organist, and teacher who pooped out the south German organ schools to their peak.

He placid a large body of inviolate and secular music, and tiara contributions to the development admit the chorale prelude and fugue have earned him a settle among the most important composers of the middle Baroque era.

Pachelbel's music enjoyed enormous popularity alongside his lifetime; he had distinct pupils and his music became a model for the composers of south and central Frg.

Today, Pachelbel is best methodical for the Canon in D; other well known works cover the Chaconne in F brief, the Toccata in E brief for organ, and the Hexachordum Apollinis, a set of fatal variations.^[2]

He was influenced by rebel German composers, such as Johann Jakob Froberger and Johann Sage Kerll, Italians such as Girolamo Frescobaldi and Alessandro Poglietti, Nation composers, and the composers chastisement the Nuremberg tradition.

He predominant a lucid, uncomplicated contrapuntal methodology that emphasized melodic and mellifluous clarity. His music is inhospitable virtuosic and less adventurous harmonically than that of Dieterich Buxtehude, although, like Buxtehude, Pachelbel experimented with different ensembles and active combinations in his chamber refrain and, most importantly, his blunt music, much of which make-up exceptionally rich instrumentation.

Pachelbel explored many variation forms and connected techniques, which manifest themselves flimsy various diverse pieces, from hallowed concertos to harpsichord suites.

Life

1653–1674: Early youth and education (Nuremberg, Altdorf, Regensburg)

Johann Pachelbel was provincial in 1653 in Nuremberg interruption a middle-class family, son hold Johann (Hans) Pachelbel (born 1613 in Wunsiedel, Germany), a wine-coloured dealer,^[3] and his second bride Anna (Anne) Maria Mair.

Primacy exact date of Johann's childbirth is unknown, but he was baptized on 1 September. Centre of his many siblings was swindler older brother, Johann Matthäus (1644–1710), who served as Kantor show Feuchtwangen, near Nuremberg.^[5]

During his perfectly youth, Pachelbel received musical assurance from Heinrich Schwemmer, who afterwards became the cantor of Radical.

Sebaldus Church (Sebalduskirche). Some large quantity indicate that Pachelbel also intentional with Georg Caspar Wecker, organist of the same church skull an important composer of say publicly Nuremberg school, but this bash now considered unlikely.^{[n 3]} Of great consequence any case, both Wecker cope with Schwemmer were trained by Johann Erasmus Kindermann, one of interpretation founders of the Nuremberg euphonic tradition, who had been heroic act one time a pupil become aware of Johann Staden.

Johann Mattheson, whose Grundlage einer Ehrenpforte (Hamburg, 1740) is one of the almost important sources of information be pleased about Pachelbel's life, mentions that leadership young Pachelbel demonstrated exceptional harmonious and academic abilities. He standard his primary education in Radical.

Lorenz Hauptschule and the Auditorio Aegediano in Nuremberg, then preference 29 June 1669, he became a student at the Establishing of Altdorf, where he was also appointed organist of Irritant. Lorenz church the same collection. Financial difficulties forced Pachelbel find time for leave the university after inconsiderate than a year.

In in turn to complete his studies, misstep became a scholarship student, crucial 1670, at the Gymnasium Poeticum at Regensburg. The school bureaucracy were so impressed by Pachelbel's academic qualifications that he was admitted above the school's solid quota.

Pachelbel was also let loose to study music outside dignity Gymnasium.

His teacher was Kaspar (Caspar) Prentz, once a pupil of Johann Caspar Kerll. Owing to the latter was greatly bogus by Italian composers such importance Giacomo Carissimi, it is introduce through Prentz that Pachelbel begun developing an interest in concurrent Italian music, and Catholic creed music in general.

1673–1690: Life's work (Vienna, Eisenach, Erfurt)

Prentz left concerning Eichstätt in 1672.

This date of Pachelbel's life is magnanimity least documented one, so display is unknown whether he stayed in Regensburg until 1673 be repentant left the same year climax teacher did; at any drop, by 1673 Pachelbel was direct in Vienna, where he became a deputy organist at picture Saint Stephen Cathedral. At greatness time, Vienna was the soul of the vast Habsburg dominion and had much cultural importance; its tastes in music were predominantly Italian.

Several renowned universal composers worked there, many work at them contributing to the change of musical traditions in Aggregation. In particular, Johann Jakob Froberger served as court organist inconsequential Vienna until 1657^[8] and was succeeded by Alessandro Poglietti.^[9]Georg Muffat lived in the city in the direction of some time, and, most approvingly, Johann Caspar Kerll moved goslow Vienna in 1673.^[10] While round, he may have known look after even taught Pachelbel, whose masterpiece shows traces of Kerll's sound out.

Pachelbel spent five years fake Vienna, absorbing the music appreciate Catholic composers from southern Frg and Italy. In some congratulations, Pachelbel is similar to Composer, who too served as clean up professional musician of the Stephansdom in his youth and likewise such was exposed to melody of the leading composers ransack the time.

Although he was a Lutheran, his works were influenced by Catholic music.

In 1677, Pachelbel moved to Eisenach, where he found employment restructuring court organist under KapellmeisterDaniel Eberlin (also a native of Nuremberg), in the employ of Johann Georg I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach. He met members of rank Bach family in Eisenach (which was the home city point toward J.

S. Bach's father, Johann Ambrosius Bach), and became graceful close friend of Johann Ambrosius and tutor to his children.^[11] However, Pachelbel spent only twofold year in Eisenach. In 1678, Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Jena, Johann Georg's brother, died title during the period of blubbering court musicians were greatly sententious.

Pachelbel was left unemployed. Purify requested a testimonial from Eberlin, who wrote one for him, describing Pachelbel as a 'perfect and rare virtuoso' – einen perfekten und raren Virtuosen. With that document, Pachelbel left Eisenach burden 18 May 1678.

In June 1678, Pachelbel was employed thanks to organist of the Predigerkirche train in Erfurt, succeeding Johann Effler (c.

1640–1711; Effler later preceded Johann Sebastian Bach in Weimar). Righteousness Bach family was very vigorous known in Erfurt (where almost all organists would later amend called "Bachs"), so Pachelbel's benevolence with them continued here. Pachelbel became godfather to Johann Ambrosius' daughter, Johanna Juditha, taught Johann Christoph Bach (1671–1721), Johann Sebastian's eldest brother, and lived form Johann Christian Bach's (1640–1682) line.

Pachelbel remained in Erfurt manner 12 years and established consummate reputation as one of class leading German organ composers concede the time during his range. The chorale prelude became put the finishing touches to of his most characteristic compounds of the Erfurt period, owing to Pachelbel's contract specifically required him to compose the preludes pray church services.^{[n 4]} His duties also included organ maintenance don, more importantly, composing a large-scale work every year to make an exhibition of his progress as composer standing organist, as every work atlas that kind had to adjust better than the one steady the year before.

Johann Christly Bach (1640–1682), Pachelbel's landlord prosperous Erfurt, died in 1682. Amuse June 1684, Pachelbel purchased greatness house (called Zur silbernen Tasche, now Junkersand 1) from Johann Christian's widow. In 1686, smartness was offered a position considerably organist of the St. Trinitatis church (Trinitatiskirche) in Sondershausen.

Pachelbel initially accepted the invitation on the other hand, as a surviving letter indicates, had to reject the need no invitation after a long series be more or less negotiations: it appears that subside was required to consult condemn Erfurt's elders and church directorate before considering any job offers.^[15] It seems that the phase had been resolved quietly illustrious without harm to Pachelbel's reputation; he was offered a upgrade and stayed in the throw away for four more years.

Pachelbel married twice during his prevail in Erfurt. Barbara Gabler, girl of the Stadt-Major of Erfurt, became his first wife, classical 25 October 1681. The matrimony took place in the terrace of the bride's father. Both Barbara and their only atmosphere died in October 1683 via a plague.^{[clarification needed]} Pachelbel's foremost published work, a set break on chorale variations called Musicalische Sterbens-Gedancken ("Musical Thoughts on Death", Erfurt, 1683), was probably influenced by way of this event.

Ten months adjacent, Pachelbel married Judith Drommer (Trummert), daughter of a coppersmith, be alongside 24 August 1684. They difficult five sons and two successors. Two of the sons, Wilhelm Hieronymus Pachelbel and Charles Theodore Pachelbel, also became organ composers; the latter moved to character American colonies in 1734.

Other son, Johann Michael, became type instrument maker in Nuremberg contemporary traveled as far as Writer and Jamaica. One of say publicly daughters, Amalia Pachelbel, achieved appreciation as a painter and engraver.

1690–1706: Final years (Stuttgart, Gotha, Nuremberg)

Although Pachelbel was an stupendously successful organist, composer, and professor at Erfurt, he asked tolerance to leave, apparently seeking spiffy tidy up better appointment, and was officially released on 15 August 1690, bearing a testimonial praising diadem diligence and fidelity.

He was working engaged in less than a fortnight: from 1 September 1690, proceed was a musician-organist in significance Württemberg court at Stuttgart botch-up the patronage of Duchess River Sibylla.

That job was time off, but, unfortunately, he lived nearby only two years before deserter the French attacks of goodness War of the Grand Coalition. His next job was wear Gotha as the town organist, a post he occupied inform two years, starting on 8 November 1692; there he publicised his first, and only, ceremony music collection: Acht Chorale zum Praeambulieren in 1693 (Erster Theil etlicher Choräle).

When former academic Johann Christoph Bach married bland October 1694, the Bach kinsmen celebrated the marriage on 23 October 1694 in Ohrdruf, trip invited him and other composers to provide the music; misstep probably attended—if so, it was the only time Johann Sebastian Bach, then nine years back off, met Johann Pachelbel.^[17]

In his threesome years in Gotha, he was twice offered positions, in Deutschland at Stuttgart and in England at Oxford University; he declined both.

Meanwhile, in Nuremberg, during the time that the St. Sebaldus Church organist Georg Caspar Wecker (and her highness possible former teacher) died exhume 20 April 1695, the get authorities were so anxious disapprove of appoint Pachelbel (then a eminent Nuremberger) to the position go off they officially invited him justify assume it without holding position usual job examination or flirtatious applications from prominent organists lesser churches.

He accepted, was released from Gotha in 1695, and arrived in Nuremberg bundle summer, with the city convention paying his per diem outlay.

Pachelbel lived the rest reduce speed his life in Nuremberg, past which he published the decisive music collection Musicalische Ergötzung, mount, most importantly, the Hexachordum Apollinis (Nuremberg, 1699), a set additional six keyboard arias with changeability.

Though most influenced by European and southern German composers, agreed knew the northern German nursery school, because he dedicated the Hexachordum Apollinis to Dieterich Buxtehude. Besides composed in the final era were Italian-influenced concertatoVespers and trim set of more than xc Magnificatfugues.

Johann Pachelbel died unexpected defeat the age of 52, load early March 1706, and was buried on 9 March; Mattheson cites either 3 March lowly 7 March 1706 as character death date, yet it practical unlikely that the corpse was allowed to linger unburied similarly long as six days.

Fresh custom was to bury class dead on the third agreeable fourth post-mortem day; so, either 6 or 7 March 1706 is a likelier death see. He is buried in justness St. Rochus Cemetery, a Nonconformist cemetery.^[19]

Works

Apart from harpsichord suites, that section concentrates only on character works whose ascription is party questioned.

For a complete give away of works which includes remnants with questionable authorship and misplaced compositions, see List of compositions by Johann Pachelbel.

During his period, Pachelbel was best known by reason of an organ composer. He wrote more than two hundred dregs for the instrument, both ceremony and secular, and explored overbearing of the genres that existed at the time.

Pachelbel was also a prolific vocal concerto composer: around a hundred infer such works survive, including at a low level 40 large-scale works. Only straighten up few chamber music pieces unresponsive to Pachelbel exist, although he force have composed many more, largely while serving as court apex in Eisenach and Stuttgart.

Several principal sources exist for Pachelbel's music, although none of them as important as, for context, the Oldham manuscript is get as far as Louis Couperin.

Among the ultra significant materials are several manuscripts that were lost before bid during World War II however partially available as microfilms appeal to the Winterthur collection, a two-volume manuscript currently in possession gradient the Oxford Bodleian Library which is a major source defend Pachelbel's late work, and significance first part of the Tabulaturbuch (1692, currently at the Biblioteka Jagiellońska in Kraków) compiled overstep Pachelbel's pupil Johann Valentin Eckelt [ca], which includes the only progress Pachelbel autographs).

The Neumeister Give confidence and the so-called Weimar tablature of 1704 provide valuable dossier about Pachelbel's school, although they do not contain any fragments that can be confidently ascribed to him.

Currently, there appreciation no standard numbering system footing Pachelbel's works. Several catalogues be conscious of used, by Antoine Bouchard (POP numbers, organ works only), Dungaree M.

Perreault (P numbers, of late the most complete catalogue; sleek alphabetically), Hideo Tsukamoto (T in large quantity, L for lost works; incorporated thematically) and Kathryn Jane Stumble (PC numbers).

Keyboard music

Much produce Pachelbel's liturgical organ music, principally the chorale preludes, is rather simple and written for manuals only: no pedal is needed.

This is partly due extremity Lutheran religious practice where congregants sang the chorales. Household equipment like virginals or clavichords attended the singing, so Pachelbel prep added to many of his contemporaries plain music playable using these works agency. The quality of the meat Pachelbel used also played practised role: south German instruments were not, as a rule, slightly complex and as versatile rightfully the north German ones, gain Pachelbel's organs must have sole had around 15 to 25 stops on two manuals (compare to Buxtehude's Marienkirche instrument clip 52 stops, 15 of them in the pedal).

Finally, neither the Nuremberg nor the confederate German organ tradition endorsed wide use of pedals seen elaborate the works by composers countless the northern German school.

Only two volumes of Pachelbel's channel music were published and in during his lifetime: Musikalische Sterbens-Gedancken (Musical Thoughts on Death; Erfurt, 1683) – a set of anthem variations in memory of monarch deceased wife and child, skull Acht Choräle (Nuremberg, 1693).^[20] Pachelbel employed white mensural notation like that which writing out numerous compositions (several chorales, all ricercars, some fantasias); a notational system that uses hollow note heads and omits bar lines (measure delimiters).^[21] Authority system had been widely drippy since the 15th century nevertheless was gradually being replaced in bad taste this period by modern note (sometimes called black notation).^[21]

Chorale preludes

Chorale preludes constitute almost half break on Pachelbel's surviving organ works, plenty part because of his Erfurt job duties which required him to compose chorale preludes launch an attack a regular basis.

The models Pachelbel used most frequently emblematic the three-part cantus firmus enduring, the chorale fugue and, nearly importantly, a model he trumped-up which combined the two types. This latter type begins criticism a brief chorale fugue focus is followed by a three- or four-part cantus firmus bubble with. Chorale phrases are treated reschedule at a time, in representation order in which they occur; frequently, the accompanying voices check the next phrase by despise bits of the melody guarantee imitative counterpoint.

An example overrun Wenn mein Stündlein vorhanden ist:

The piece begins with unadulterated chorale fugue (not shown here) that turns into a four-part chorale setting which starts pound bar 35. The slow-moving anthem (the cantus firmus, i.e., primacy original hymn tune) is elaborate the soprano, and is highlighted in blue.

The lower voices anticipate the shape of blue blood the gentry second phrase of the chant in an imitative fashion (notice the distinctive pattern of flash repeated notes). Pachelbel wrote frequent chorales using this model ("Auf meinen lieben Gott", "Ach wie elend ist unsre Zeit", "Wenn mein Stündlein vorhanden ist", etc.), which soon became a usual form.

A distinctive feature make stronger almost all of Pachelbel's song of praise preludes is his treatment pay no attention to the melody: the cantus firmus features virtually no figuration vivid ornamentation of any kind, again presented in the plainest feasible way in one of representation outer voices. Pachelbel's knowledge be worthwhile for both ancient and contemporary psalm paean techniques is reflected in Acht Choräle zum Praeambulieren, a give confidence of eight chorales he available in 1693.

It included, centre of other types, several chorales graphical using outdated models. Of these, "Nun lob, mein Seel, danger Herren" is based on birth hymn by Johann Gramann, a-one paraphrase of Psalm 103; invalidate is one of the exceedingly few Pachelbel chorales with cantus firmus in the tenor. "Wir glauben all an einen Gott" is a three-part setting go through melodic ornamentation of the anthem melody, which Pachelbel employed truly rarely.

Finally, "Jesus Christus, unser Heiland der von uns" practical a typical bicinium chorale change one of the hands engagement the unadorned chorale while distinction other provides constant fast-paced part written mostly in sixteenth settle in.

Fugues

Pachelbel wrote more than hold up hundred fugues on free themes.

These fall into two categories: some 30 free fugues spell around 90 of the supposed Magnificat Fugues. His fugues enjoy very much usually based on non-thematic question, and are shorter than character later model (of which those of J. S. Bach interrupt a prime example). The polyphonic devices of stretto, diminution viewpoint inversion are very rarely working engaged in any of them.

In spite of that, Pachelbel's fugues display a propensity towards a more unified, subject-dependent structure which was to understand the key element of totality Baroque fugues. Given the matter of fugues he composed contemporary the extraordinary variety of subjects he used, Pachelbel is thought as one of the muffled composers in the evolution training the form.

He was likewise the first major composer difficulty pair a fugue with unblended preludial movement (a toccata one a prelude) – this technique was adopted by later composers take up was used extensively by Count. S. Bach.

The Magnificat Fugues were all composed during Pachelbel's final years in Nuremberg. Illustriousness singing of the Magnificat utilize Vespers was usually accompanied shy the organist, and earlier composers provided examples of Magnificat settings for organ, based on themes from the chant.

Bhimsen joshi age

Pachelbel's fugues, nevertheless, are almost all based announcement free themes and it practical not yet understood exactly situation they fit during the unit. It is possible that they served to help singers allot pitch, or simply act brand introductory pieces played before character beginning of the service. Yon are 95 pieces extant, role all eight church modes: 23 in primi toni, 10 delight in secundi toni, 11 in tertii toni, 8 in quarti toni, 12 in quinti toni, 10 in sexti toni, 8 tag on septimi toni and 13 transparent octavi toni.

Although a unusual two- and four-voice works enjoy very much present, most employ three voices (sometimes expanding to four-voice music for a bar or two). With the exception of character three double fugues (primi toni No. 12, sexti toni Thumb. 1 and octavi toni Thumb. 8), all are straightforward remains, frequently in common time obscure comparatively short – at an normally tempo, most take around practised minute and a half be determined play.

Although most of them are brief, the subjects complete extremely varied (see Example 1). Frequently some form of take notes repetition is used to accentuate a rhythmic (rather than melodic) contour. Many feature a theatrical leap (up to an octave), which may or may turn on the waterworks be mirrored in one dominate the voices sometime during forceful episode – a characteristic Pachelbel approach, although it was also engaged by earlier composers, albeit useless pronounced.

Minor alterations to say publicly subject between the entries confirm observed in some of goodness fugues, and simple countersubjects arise several times. An interesting fashion employed in many of nobleness pieces is an occasional impromptu to style brisé for a-okay few bars, both during episodes and in codas.

The doubled fugues exhibit a typical three-section structure: fugue on subject 1, fugue on subject 2, extract the counterpoint with simultaneous practise of both subjects.

Most do admin Pachelbel's free fugues are calculate three or four voices, professional the notable exception of glimmer bicinia pieces. Pachelbel frequently submissive repercussion subjects of different kinds, with note repetition sometimes long to span a whole criterion (such as in the investigation of a G minor fugue, see illustration).

Some of grandeur fugues employ textures more right for the harpsichord, particularly those with broken chord figuration. Interpretation three ricercars Pachelbel composed, mosey are more akin to fugues than to ricercars beside Frescobaldi or Froberger, are in all probability more technically interesting. In influence original sources, all three permissive white notation and are telling alla breve.

The polythematic Adage minor ricercar is the overbearing popular and frequently performed paramount recorded. It is built be familiar with two contrasting themes (a heavy chromatic pattern and a spry simplistic motif) that appear discharge their normal and inverted forms and concludes with both themes appearing simultaneously.

The F-sharp lesser ricercar uses the same construct and is slightly more succulent musically: the key of F-sharp minor requires a more yielding tuning than the standard meantone temperament of the Baroque best and was therefore rarely reflexive by contemporary composers. This strategic that Pachelbel may have cast-off his own tuning system, depict which little is known.

Ricercare in C major is more often than not in three voices and employing the same kind of terms with consecutive thirds as out-of-the-way in Pachelbel's toccatas (see below).

Pachelbel's use of repercussion subjects and extensive repeated note passages may be regarded as other characteristic feature of his implement pieces.

Extreme examples of imply repetition in the subject ring found in magnificat fugues: quarti toni No. 4 has digit repeated notes, octavi toni Rebuff. 6 has twelve.^{[n 6]} As well, even a fugue with blueprint ordinary subject can rely proposal strings of repeated notes, thanks to it happens, for example, put into operation magnificat fugue octavi toni Clumsy.

12:

Chaconnes and variations

Pachelbel's patent affinity for variation form progression evident from his organ mechanism that explore the genre: chaconnes, chorale variations and several sets of arias with variations. Glory six chaconnes, together with Buxtehude's ostinato organ works, represent clean shift from the older chaconne style: they completely abandon decency dance idiom, introduce contrapuntal fixedness, employ miscellaneous chorale improvisation techniques, and, most importantly, give dignity bass line much thematic urgency for the development of glory piece.

Pachelbel's chaconnes are obviously south German in style; righteousness duple meter C major chaconne (possibly an early work) psychoanalysis reminiscent of Kerll's D tiny passacaglia. The remaining five mill are all in triple guide and display a wide group of moods and techniques, attentive on melodic content (as disparate to the emphasis on dulcet complexity and virtuosity in Buxtehude's chaconnes).

The ostinato bass review not necessarily repeated unaltered here and there in the piece and is then subjected to minor alterations boss ornamentation. The D major, Round minor and F minor chaconnes are among Pachelbel's best-known apparatus pieces, and the latter equitable often cited as his first organ work.

In 1699 Pachelbel published Hexachordum Apollinis (the christen is a reference to Apollo's lyre), a collection of sestet variations set in different keys.

It is dedicated to composers Ferdinand Tobias Richter (a playmate from the Vienna years) abstruse Dieterich Buxtehude. Each set chases the "aria and variations" miniature, arias numbered Aria prima brush against Aria sexta ("first" through "sixth"). The final piece, which comment also the best-known today, decline subtitled Aria Sebaldina, a slope to St.

Sebaldus Church veer Pachelbel worked at the crux. Most of the variations desire in common time, with Aria Sebaldina and its variations beingness the only notable exceptions; they are in 3/4 time. Authority pieces explore a wide assemblage of variation techniques.

Pachelbel's strike variation sets include a intermittent arias and an arietta (a short aria) with variations highest a few pieces designated hoot chorale variations.

Four works additional the latter type were accessible in Erfurt in 1683 go under the surface the title Musicalische Sterbens-Gedancken ("Musical Thoughts on Death"), which puissance refer to the death ship Pachelbel's first wife that occurred in the same year. That was Pachelbel's first published duct and it is now bit by bit lost.

These pieces, along meet Georg Böhm's works, may blunder may not have influenced Johann Sebastian Bach's early organ partitas.

Toccatas

About 20 toccatas by Pachelbel survive, including several brief separate from referred to as toccatinas elaborate the Perreault catalogue. They verify characterized by consistent use jump at pedal point: for the uttermost part, Pachelbel's toccatas consist execute relatively fast passagework in both hands over sustained pedal keep information.

Although a similar technique denunciation employed in toccatas by Froberger and Frescobaldi's pedal toccatas, Pachelbel distinguishes himself from these composers by having no sections meet imitative counterpoint–in fact, unlike swell toccatas from the early enthralled middle Baroque periods, Pachelbel's endowment to the genre are bawl sectional, unless rhapsodic introductory passages in a few pieces (most notably the E minor toccata) are counted as separate sections.

Furthermore, no other Baroque doer used pedal point with specified consistency in toccatas.

Many remind Pachelbel's toccatas explore a lone melodic motif, and later factory are written in a elementary style in which two voices interact over sustained pedal make a written record of, and said interaction – already unnecessary simpler than the virtuosic passages in earlier works – sometimes resorts to consecutive thirds, sixths slip tenths.

Compare the earlier Rotation major toccata, with passages appoint the typical middle Baroque methodology, with one of the look out on C major toccatas:

Sometimes practised bar or two of uninterrupted thirds embellish the otherwise restore complex toccata-occasionally there is uncomplicated whole section written in go off manner; and a few toccatas (particularly one of the Rotate minor and one of primacy G minor pieces) are firmly using only this technique, pertain to almost no variation.

Partly theory test to their simplicity, the toccatas are very accessible works; regardless, the E minor and Catch-phrase minor ones which receive optional extra attention than the rest rush in fact slightly more baffling.

Fantasias

Pachelbel composed six fantasias. Triad of them (the A slender, C major and one carryon the two D Dorian pieces) are sectional compositions in 3/2 time; the sections are not in the least connected thematically; the other Return Dorian piece's structure is suggestive of Pachelbel's magnificat fugues, ready to go the main theme accompanied in and out of two simple countersubjects.

The E-flat major and G minor fantasias are variations on the European toccata di durezze e ligature genre. Both are gentle effusive pieces featuring intricate passages thwart both hands with many accidentals, close to similar pieces stomach-turning Girolamo Frescobaldi or Giovanni tax Macque.

Preludes

Almost all pieces limited in number as preludes resemble Pachelbel's toccatas closely, since they too detail virtuosic passagework in one cooperation both hands over sustained record.

However, most of the preludes are much shorter than prestige toccatas: the A minor introduction (pictured below) only has 9 bars, the G major rundown has 10. The only departure is one of the unite D minor pieces, which keep to very similar to Pachelbel's be appropriate simplistic toccatas, and considerably individual than any other prelude. Dignity toccata idiom is completely out, however, in the short Foreword in A minor:

A wrapping paper accumula of similar density is extremely found in the ending unravel the shorter D minor section, where three voices engage incorporate imitative counterpoint.

In pairs remove preludes and fugues Pachelbel established to separate homophonic, improvisatory whole of the prelude from excellence strict counterpoint of the fugue.

Other keyboard music

Around 20 caper suites transmitted in a 1683 manuscript (now destroyed) were once attributed to Pachelbel, but in the present day his authorship is questioned unpolluted all but three suites, information 29, 32 and 33B quandary the Seiffert edition.^{[n 7]} Justness pieces are clearly not out French influence (but not deadpan much as Buxtehude's) and on top comparable in terms of genre and technique to Froberger's suites.

Seventeen keys are used, together with F-sharp minor. Number 29 has all four traditional movements, honesty other two authentic pieces single have three (no gigue), instruct the rest follow the understated model (Allemande, Courante, Sarabande, Gigue), sometimes updated with an balance movement (usually less developed), swell more modern dance such gorilla a gavotte or a choreography.

All movements are in star form, except for two arias.

Chamber music

Pachelbel's chamber music interest much less virtuosic than Biber's Mystery Sonatas or Buxtehude's Oeuvre 1 and Opus 2 mausoleum sonatas. The famous Canon be of advantage to D belongs to this exemplary, as it was originally scored for 3 violins and orderly basso continuo, and paired laughableness a gigue in the total key.

The canon shares button important quality with the chaconne and passacaglia: it consists past its best a ground bass over which the violins play a three-voice canon based on a plain theme, the violins' parts amend 28 variations of the melody line. The gigue which originally attended the canon is a unsophisticated piece that uses strict fugal writing.

Musicalische Ergötzung ("Musical Delight") is a set of shock wave chamber suites for two scordatura violins and basso continuo publicised sometime after 1695. At ethics time, scordatura tuning was ragged to produce special effects topmost execute tricky passages. However, Pachelbel's collection was intended for layman violinists, and scordatura tuning commission used here as a chief introduction to the technique.

Scordatura only involves the tonic, controlling and sometimes the subdominant take the minutes.

Each suite of Musikalische Ergötzung begins with an introductory Sonata or Sonatina in one moving. In suites 1 and 3 these introductory movements are Allegro three-voice fughettas and stretti.

Depiction other four sonatas are redolent of French overtures. They take two Adagio sections which match slower and faster rhythms: distinction first section uses patterns come close to dottedquarter and eighth notes flash a non-imitative manner. The next employs the violins in peter out imitative, sometimes homophonic structure, dump uses shorter note values.

Glory dance movements of the suites show traces of Italian (in the gigues of suites 2 and 6) and German (allemande appears in suites 1 dowel 2) influence, but the largest part of the movements are apparently influenced by the French variety. The suites do not bind to a fixed structure: class allemande is only present footpath two suites, the gigues unimportant four, two suites end exact a chaconne, and the dwelling suite contains two arias.

Pachelbel's other chamber music includes sting aria and variations (Aria god variazioni in A major) prosperous four standalone suites scored suggest a string quartet or practised typical French five-part string outfit with 2 violins, 2 violas and a violone (the clank reinforces the basso continuo). Give a rough idea these, the five-part suite sheep G major (Partie a 5 in G major) is swell variation suite, where each transit begins with a theme propagate the opening sonatina; like spoil four-part cousin (Partie a 4 in G major) and integrity third standalone suite (Partie capital 4 in F-sharp minor) go fast updates the German suite create by using the latest Land dances such as the gavotte or the ballet.

The troika pieces mentioned all end keep an eye on a Finale movement. Partie fastidious 4 in G major traits category no figuration for the lessen part, which means that tightfisted was not a basso bass and that, as Jean Pot-pourri. Perreault writes, "this work possibly will well count as the primary true string quartet, at littlest within the Germanophone domain."

Vocal music

Johann Gottfried Walther famously described Pachelbel's vocal works as "more absolutely executed than anything before them".^[25] Already the earliest examples forestall Pachelbel's vocal writing, two arias "So ist denn dies deference Tag" and "So ist denn nur die Treu" composed check Erfurt in 1679 (which cabaret also Pachelbel's earliest datable pieces,^[26]) display impressive mastery of large-scale composition ("So ist denn dies der Tag" is scored escort soprano, SATB choir, 2 violins, 3 violas, 4 trumpets, kettledrum and basso continuo) and development knowledge of contemporary techniques.

These latter features are also set up in Pachelbel's Vespers pieces present-day sacred concertos, large-scale compositions which are probably his most have a bearing vocal works. Almost all expose them adopt the modern concertato idiom and many are scored for unusually large groups raise instruments (Jauchzet dem Herrn, alle Welt (in C) uses match up trumpets, timpani, 2 violins, 3 violas, violone and basso continuo; Lobet den Herrn in seinem Heiligtum is scored for spruce up five-part chorus, two flutes, bassoon, five trumpets, trombone, drums, cymbals, harp, two violins, basso bass and organ).

Pachelbel explores excellent very wide range of styles: psalm settings (Gott ist unser Zuversicht), chorale concertos (Christ fall behind in Todesbanden), sets of chant variations (Was Gott tut, das ist wohlgetan), concerted motets, etc. The ensembles for which these works are scored are resembling diverse: from the famous Cycle major Magnificat setting written funding a 4-part choir, 4 violas and basso continuo, to nobleness Magnificat in C major scored for a five-part chorus, 4 trumpets, timpani, 2 violins, copperplate single viola and two violas da gamba, bassoon, basso bass and organ.

Pachelbel's large-scale guide works are mostly written shaggy dog story modern style influenced by European Catholic music, with only smashing few non-concerted pieces and elderly plainchantcantus firmus techniques employed set free infrequently. The string ensemble laboratory analysis typical for the time, duo viols and two violins.

Justness former are either used resolve provide harmonic content in contributory sections or to double birth vocal lines in tutti sections; the violins either engage interchangeable contrapuntal textures of varying compactness or are employed for ornateness. Distinct features of Pachelbel's guide writing in these pieces, salt away from the fact that gush is almost always very with might and main tonal, include frequent use pan permutation fugues and writing pick paired voices.

The Magnificat settings, most composed during Pachelbel's full amount Nuremberg years, are influenced via the Italian-Viennese style and deduce themselves from their antecedents brush aside treating the canticle in span variety of ways and stepping away from text-dependent composition.

Other vocal music includes motets, arias and two masses.

Of influence eleven extant motets, ten dangle scored for two four-part choruses. Most of this music denunciation harmonically simple and makes minor use of complex polyphony (indeed, the polyphonic passages frequently discourse reduction of parts). The texts are taken from the book, except in Nun danket alle Gott which uses a therefore passage from Ecclesiastes.

The motets are structured according to goodness text they use. One cap feature found in Gott pass through unser Zuversicht and Nun danket alle Gott is that their endings are four-part chorale settings reminiscent of Pachelbel's organ anthem model: the chorale, presented connect long note values, is song by the sopranos, while justness six lower parts accompany clip passages in shorter note values:

The arias, aside from influence two 1679 works discussed verify, are usually scored for lone voice accompanied by several instruments; most were written for occasions such as weddings, birthdays, funerals and baptisms.

They include both simple strophic and complex provincial pieces of varying degrees concede complexity, some include sections tend the chorus. The concerted Fire in C major is as likely as not an early work; the Run major Missa brevis is pure small mass for an SATB choir in three movements (Kyrie, Gloria, Credo). It is abysmal, unadorned and reminiscent of empress motets.

Posthumous influence

See also: Pachelbel's Canon § Rediscovery and rise get in touch with fame, and Pachelbel's Canon § Influence on popular music

One of say publicly last middle Baroque composers, Pachelbel did not have any respectable influence on most of leadership famous late Baroque composers, much as George Frideric Handel, Domenico Scarlatti or Georg Philipp Composer.

However, he did influence Johann Sebastian Bach indirectly; the ant Johann Sebastian was tutored contempt his older brother Johann Christoph Bach, who studied with Pachelbel, but although J.S. Bach's apparent chorales and chorale variations acquire from Pachelbel's music, the sound out of northern German composers, much as Georg Böhm, Dieterich Buxtehude, and Johann Adam Reincken, insincere a more important role display the development of Bach's talent.^[27]

Pachelbel was the last great creator of the Nuremberg tradition with the addition of the last important southern European composer.

Pachelbel's influence was for the most part limited to his pupils, height notably Johann Christoph Bach, Johann Heinrich Buttstett, Andreas Nicolaus Vetter, and two of Pachelbel's review, Wilhelm Hieronymus and Charles Theodore. The latter became one bargain the first European composers restrain take up residence in dignity American colonies and so Pachelbel influenced, although indirectly and exclusive to a certain degree, prestige American church music of illustriousness era.

Composer, musicologist and man of letters Johann Gottfried Walther is very likely the most famous of loftiness composers influenced by Pachelbel – fiasco is, in fact, referred smash into as the "second Pachelbel" lure Mattheson's Grundlage einer Ehrenpforte.^[28]

As honourableness Baroque style went out robust fashion during the 18th 100, the majority of Baroque vital pre-Baroque composers were virtually lost.

Local organists in Nuremberg person in charge Erfurt knew Pachelbel's music gleam occasionally performed it, but authority public and the majority remember composers and performers did moan pay much attention to Pachelbel and his contemporaries. In excellence first half of the Nineteenth century, some organ works strong Pachelbel were published and many musicologists started considering him have in mind important composer, particularly Philipp Spitta, who was one of class first researchers to trace Pachelbel's role in the development some Baroque keyboard music.

Much state under oath Pachelbel's work was published pen the early 20th century hard cash the Denkmäler der Tonkunst collective Österreich series, but it was not until the rise go together with interest in early Baroque meeting in the middle of rank 20th century and the arrival of historically informed performance use and associated research that Pachelbel's works began to be deliberate extensively and again performed work up frequently.

Pachelbel's Canon, a collection of chamber music scored teach three violins and basso bass and originally paired with boss gigue in the same pale, experienced a surge in pervasiveness during the 1970s. This admiration due to a recording close to Jean-François Paillard in 1968,^[29] which made it a universally licensed cultural item.

Its visibility was increased by its choice makeover the theme music for picture film Ordinary People in 1980.^[29] One of the most solemn and famous Baroque compositions, produce revenue became popular for use elation weddings, rivaling Wagner's Bridal Chorus.^{[30][better source needed]} Despite its centuries-old heritage, honourableness Canon's chord progression has archaic used widely in pop melody in the 20th and Twentyone centuries.^[31][32] It has been known as "almost the godfather of come through music" by Pete Waterman.^[33]

Notes

References

Sources

• Apel, Willi (1972). The History of Extreme Music to 1700.

  Translated invitation Hans Tischler. Indiana University Tap down. ISBN .. Originally published as Geschichte der Orgel- und Klaviermusik bis 1700 by Bärenreiter-Verlag, Kassel.

• Buszin, Conductor E. (1959). "Johann Pachelbel's Duty to Pre-Bach Organ Literature". The Musical Heritage of the Church.

  Vol. 5. St. Louis: Concordia Pronunciamento House. Archived from the contemporary on 3 March 2006.

• Nolte, Ewald Valentin (2001). "Pachelbel [Bachelbel], Johann". In Butt, John (ed.). Grove Music Online. Revised by Bathroom Butt. Oxford: Oxford University Beseech. doi:10.1093/gmo/e.6002278237. ISBN .(subscription or UK gesture library membership required)
• Nolte, Ewald Valentin (1957).

  "Classic Contract between Pachelbel and Erfurt Church". The Diapason (32): xlviii.

• Perreault, Jean M. (2004). The Thematic Catalogue of righteousness Musical Works of Johann Pachelbel. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN .
• Welter, Kathryn Jane (1998). Johann Pachelbel: Organist, Teacher, Composer, A Critical Review of His Life, Works, station Historical Significance (PHD).

  Cambridge: University University. OCLC 42665284.