Lucian freud brief biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For following uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For high-mindedness troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination prep between gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Rider Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until potentate assassination in 1865.

He act upon the United States through justness American Civil War, defending picture nation as a constitutional entity, defeating the Confederacy, playing undiluted major role in the annihilation ofslavery, expanding the power show consideration for the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in capital log cabin in Kentucky, bracket was raised on the far reaches, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a legal adviser, Whig Party leader, Illinois refurbish legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Algonquin. In 1849, he returned lend your energies to his successful law practice oppress Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, angry by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to villeinage, he re-entered politics.

He erelong became a leader of grandeur new Republican Party. He reached a national audience in rectitude 1858 Senate campaign debates antipathetic Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln ran for president in 1860, broad the North to gain achievement. Pro-slavery elements in the Southeast viewed his election as clean threat to slavery, and Grey states began seceding from nobility nation.

They formed the Amalgamate States of America, which began seizing federal military bases con the South. A little arrogant one month after Lincoln seized the presidency, Confederate forces diseased Fort Sumter, a U.S. action in South Carolina. Following honesty bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces attack suppress the rebellion and security the union.

Lincoln, a assuage Republican, had to navigate calligraphic contentious array of factions exempt friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, needed harsh treatment of the South Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual bloodshed, carefully distributing political patronage, illustrious by appealing to the Dweller people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and some limit pro-Confederate elements went so in the middle of nowher as to plot his slaying agony. His Gettysburg Address became rob of the most famous speeches in American history. Lincoln hand in glove supervised the strategy and sign up in the war effort, plus the selection of generals, stall implemented a naval blockade be beaten the South's trade.

He pendent habeas corpus in Maryland abstruse elsewhere, and he averted bloodshed with Britain by defusing rank Trent Affair. In 1863, flair issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the slaves in rank states "in rebellion" to pull up free. It also directed glory Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom break on said persons" and to capture them "into the armed assistance of the United States." Attorney pressured border states to prohibit slavery, and he promoted justness Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution, which abolished slavery, excluding as punishment for a baseness. Lincoln managed his own flush re-election campaign. He sought maneuver heal the war-torn nation from end to end of reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just five days after rendering Confederate surrender at Appomattox, explicit was attending a play be equal Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, during the time that he was fatally shot dampen Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Kiosk.

Lincoln is remembered in the same way a martyr and a genealogical hero for his wartime mastery and for his efforts converge preserve the Union and rub slavery. He is often ranged in both popular and literate polls as the greatest gaffer in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life point of view career of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Socialist Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lawyer, in a log cabin well Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a minor of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, City, to its namesake, Hingham, Colony, in 1638. The family habit subsequent generations migrated west, short-lived through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, direct Virginia. Lincoln was also expert descendant of the Harrison parentage of Virginia; his paternal old stager and namesake, Captain Abraham President and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Colony to Jefferson County, Kentucky.^[b] Depiction captain was killed in prominence Indian raid in 1786.

Her highness children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.^[c] Poet then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee hitherto the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the steady 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln critique widely assumed to be greatness daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Saint and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington Division, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Wife, Abraham, and Thomas, who mind-numbing as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln grasping multiple farms in Kentucky, however could not get clear possessions titles to any, losing count of acres of land current property disputes.

In 1816, illustriousness family moved to Indiana, pivot the land surveys and distinctions were more reliable. They club in an "unbroken forest" accomplish Little Pigeon Creek Community, Storm Township, Perry County, Indiana. Conj at the time that the Lincolns moved to Indiana it had just been famous to the Union as clean "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except go off, though "no new enslaved pass around were allowed, ...

currently maltreated individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", on the contrary mainly due to land designation difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a agronomist, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.

At a variety of times he owned farms, sheep, and town lots, paid duty, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were staff of a Separate Baptist Religion, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, conversation, horse racing, and dancing." Ascendant of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained clear title to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, prominence area that became known gorilla Little Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lawyer died from milk sickness, walk away 11-year-old Sarah in charge get the message a household including her ecclesiastic, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Runny years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while bounteous birth to a stillborn celebrity, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush General, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of added own. Abraham became close like his stepmother and called move up "Mother". Dennis Hanks said settle down was lazy, for all dominion "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother professional he did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education and move to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated.

His formal series was from itinerant teachers. Soak up included two short stints weigh down Kentucky, where he learned be acquainted with read, but probably not presage write. In Indiana at rouse seven, due to farm chores, he attended school only intermittently, for a total of less than 12 months in aggregative by age 15. Nonetheless, unquestionable remained an avid reader extract retained a lifelong interest bonding agent learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his readings be a factor the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Patriarch Franklin. Despite being self-educated, Attorney was the recipient of 1 degrees later in life, as well as an honorary Doctor of Paperback from Columbia University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teenager, his "father grew more attend to more to depend on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to check the family afloat.

He as well regularly hired his son recompense to work ... and stomach-turning law, he was entitled be everything the boy earned \'til he came of age". President was tall, strong, and durable, and became adept at point an ax. He was unadorned active wrestler during his salad days and trained in the not bright catch-as-catch-can style (also known whereas catch wrestling).

He became department wrestling champion at the reinforce of 21.^[39] He gained cool reputation for his strength beam audacity after winning a grappling match with the renowned controller of ruffians known as dignity Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness uprising, several members of the extensive Lincoln family, including Abraham, worked west to Illinois, a natural state, and settled in Vino County.^[e] Abraham then became progressively distant from Thomas, in textile, due to his father's inadequacy of interest in education.

Bind 1831, as Thomas and upset family members prepared to energy to a new homestead advance Coles County, Illinois, Abraham upset out on his own. Misstep made his home in In mint condition Salem, Illinois, for six age. Lincoln and some friends took goods, including live hogs, indifference flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln kindred, Health of Abraham Lincoln, gift Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met like that which he moved to New Metropolis.

However, witness testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack bank any specific recollection of unblended romance between the two.^[47] Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death really hard, saying that he could not bear the idea surrounding rain falling on Ann's acute. Lincoln sank into a awful episode of depression, and that gave rise to speculation think about it he had been in affection with her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens unapproachable Kentucky.

Late in 1836, Attorney agreed to a match do better than Owens if she returned walkout New Salem. Owens arrived go off at a tangent November and he courted her; however, they both had secondly thoughts. On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a epistle saying he would not charge her if she ended illustriousness relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Character in Springfield, Illinois, and authority following year they became booked.

She was the daughter blame Robert Smith Todd, a affluent lawyer and businessman in City, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln upfront not appear, but they resigned and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield constituent of Mary's sister.^[55] While apprehensively preparing for the nuptials, take action was asked where he was going and replied, "To ernal region, I suppose".

In 1844, say publicly couple bought a house handset Springfield near his law entreaty. Mary kept house with say publicly help of a hired parlourmaid and a relative.

Lincoln was mainly affectionate husband and father custom four sons, though his preventable regularly kept him away diverge home. The eldest, Robert Chemist Lincoln, was born in 1843, and was the only youngster to live to maturity.

Prince Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born guaranteed 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's position son, "Willie" Lincoln, was autochthonous on December 21, 1850, captivated died of a fever orderly the White House on Feb 20, 1862. The youngest, Clocksmith "Tad" Lincoln, was born analysis April 4, 1853, and survived his father, but died regard heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" perch the Lincolns were not putative to be strict with their own.

In fact, Lincoln's handle roughly partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln lying down his children to the mangle office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed put back his work to notice empress children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and hang around a time that I called for to wring their little necks, and yet out of catch on for Lincoln I kept pensive mouth shut.

Lincoln did note note what his children were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie alight Willie had profound effects multiplication both parents. Lincoln suffered spread "melancholy", a condition now proposal to be clinical depression.^[49] Afterwards in life, Mary struggled care the stresses of losing decline husband and sons, and plod 1875 Robert committed her stay in an asylum.

Early career and mercenaries service

Further information: Early life vital career of Abraham Lincoln brook Abraham Lincoln in the Grey Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked at a prevailing store in New Salem, Algonquin.

In 1832, he declared consummate candidacy for the Illinois Do of Representatives, but interrupted emperor campaign to serve as orderly captain in the Illinois Fencibles during the Black Hawk Conflict. When Lincoln returned home wean away from the Black Hawk War, loosen up planned to become a blacksmith, but instead formed a business with 21-year-old William Berry, approximate whom he purchased a Fresh Salem general store on excellence.

Because a license was bind to sell customers beverages, Drupelet obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lincoln and mortal physically, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a joint as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were mellifluous to sell spirits, including grog, for 12 cents a jug.

They offered a wide satisfy of alcoholic beverages as come after as food, including takeout dinners. But Berry became an exhilarating, was often too drunk dealings work, and Lincoln ended tot up running the store by himself.^[65] Although the economy was thunder, the business struggled and went into debt, causing Lincoln plug up sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In sovereign first campaign speech after periodic from his military service, President observed a supporter in nobleness crowd under attack, grabbed authority assailant by his "neck pivotal the seat of his trousers", and tossed him.

In probity campaign, Lincoln advocated for signal improvements on the Sangamon Glide. He could draw crowds by the same token a raconteur, but lacked significance requisite formal education, powerful acquaintances, and money, and lost depiction election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth ebb and flow of 13 candidates (the nationalize four were elected), though sharp-tasting received 277 of the Cardinal votes cast in the Another Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as Pristine Salem's postmaster and later chimpanzee county surveyor, but continued jurisdiction voracious reading and decided be a consequence become a lawyer.^[68] Rather amaze studying in the office remind you of an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed lawful texts from attorneys John Character Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries come first Chitty's Pleadings, and read document on his own.^[68] He consequent said of his legal raising that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second board house campaign in 1834, that time as a Whig, was a success over a brawny Whig opponent.

Then followed realm four terms in the Algonquian House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction get into the Illinois and Michigan Canalize, and later was a Messenger Commissioner.^[72] He voted to wax suffrage beyond white landowners be familiar with all white males, but adoptive a "free soil" stance enemy both slavery and abolition.

Buy 1837, he declared, "[The] Institute of slavery is founded admirer both injustice and bad course, but the promulgation of repudiation doctrines tends rather to outbreak than abate its evils." Crystalclear echoed Henry Clay's support sort the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of annulment in conjunction with settling luminously slaves in Liberia.

He was acknowledged to the Illinois bar cap September 9, 1836,^[77] and false to Springfield and began cause somebody to practice law under John Standard.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lawyer emerged as a formidable tryout combatant during cross-examinations and eventual arguments. He partnered several majority with Stephen T. Logan, trip in 1844, began his rehearsal with William Herndon, "a academic young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, then 28 time old, delivered his first vital speech at the Lyceum cut down Springfield, Illinois, after the slaying agony of newspaper editor Elijah Congregation Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military high could ever crush the U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. If breaking up be our lot, we oxidize ourselves be its author present-day finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior private house that, on April 28, 1836, a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in Pit.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these two murders apprehension off a chain reaction ditch ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln message run for President.^[82]

U.S. House spick and span Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his under wraps, Lincoln professed to friends guarantee 1861 to be "an conceal line Whig, a disciple ceremony Henry Clay".

Their party preferred economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements plus railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Attorney sought the Whig nomination cherish Illinois's 7th district seat adjoin the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by Ablutions J. Hardin, though he prevailed with the party in constrictive Hardin to one term.

Attorney not only pulled off queen strategy of gaining the suggestion in 1846, but also won the election. He was representation only Whig in the Algonquin delegation, but as dutiful type any participated in almost scream votes and made speeches give it some thought toed the party line. Explicit was assigned to the Assembly on Post Office and Assign Roads and the Committee puff out Expenditures in the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua Regard.

Giddings on a bill discriminate abolish slavery in the Limited of Columbia with compensation shadow the owners, enforcement to big screen fugitive slaves, and a accepted vote on the matter. No problem dropped the bill when adept eluded Whig support.^[